Growing Need to Reduce Lead Toxicity Paving the Way for Development of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials

Environmentally-friendly lead-free piezoelectric ceramic materials with great properties and robust thermal stability are in demand in the industry. Over the recent years, environmental problems have emerged as a major concern across the globe. Restriction on hazardous substances have been implemented to minimize the use of toxic materials in the end products and by-products. This has boosted need for researches concerned with development of lead-free piezoelectric materials. Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics display enhanced piezoelectric properties that are comparable with lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which is the most widely used piezoelectric material. These materials overcome the hazard caused to the environment and human health. Discovery of easily produced piezoelectric ceramics with excellent performance characteristics boosted intense research and development of piezoelectric devices leading to their widespread applications.

Various piezoelectric ceramics have been commonly used in the recent years including BaTiO3, PZT, and lead magnesium niobate or lead zinc niobate. PZT is one of the most widely explored and extensively used piezoelectric materials for piezoelectric actuators, sensors, transducers. Implementation of policies and legislations to control the usage of lead-containing materials and increasing need to overcome drawback of lead toxicity, extensive research activities are carried out for development of alternate piezoelectric materials. Growing research interest is on development of lead-free piezoelectric materials that can replace current lead-based ones. Bulk lead-free piezoelectric ceramics are commonly prepared by solid-state synthesis, particularly from metal oxide-carbonate mixtures, and sintering. In addition, alternative approaches have also been introduced over the recent years such as solution routes and mechanochemical synthesis, or pressure- and electric filed-sintering.

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There has been increasing research exploring utilizing lead-free piezoelectric ceramic materials for energy harvesting due to increased toxicity of using lead-based piezoelectric ceramic materials. Accurate control of texture is important for development of high-performance, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics to meet performance requirements similar to PZT. In 2021, a research study was published highlighting recent developments on production of lead-free piezoelectric materials. Scientists are focusing on development of lead-free piezoelectric materials using Bismuth sodium titanate. Lead-free piezoelectric ceramic are used in modern technology for their high dielectric constant, piezoelectric coefficient, low coercive field, and high Curie temperature to effectively substitute lead-based ceramics. Bismuth sodium titanate is considered to be an excellent candidate as a key material of lead-fee piezoelectric ceramics.

Key companies in the market include KYOCERA Corporation, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., PI Ceramic GmbH, Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd, Fuji Ceramics Corporation, NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Noritake Co., Limited, Kemet Corporation, Seiko Epson Corporation, and Canon Inc. Recently a research study was published by the Technical University of Denmark wherein researchers have found a new method to induce the piezoelectric effect in materials that are not piezoelectric, which can way for new uses and more eco-friendly materials. The research demonstrates a way for designing of piezoelectric materials that are lead-free and environmentally sustainable.  

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